Most colon cancers are adenocarcinomas (cancers that begin in cells that
make and release mucus and other fluids) and form in the tissues of the
colon. The rectum is the last several inches of the largest intestine
closest to the anus, and it is in these tissues that rectal cancer may
form. Cancers that affect either of these organs may also be called colorectal cancer.
The exact causes of colorectal cancer are not known, however, there are
several risk factors that increase a persons chance of developing colorectal
cancer. These are age, diet, polyps, personal medical history, family
medical history, and ulcerative colitis. Research shows that colorectal
cancer develops gradually from benign polyps. Early detection and removal
of polyps may help to prevent colorectal cancer. Research has also shown
that changes in certain genes raise the risk of colorectal cancer. People
who have increased risk factors should ask their doctors when to begin
checking for colorectal cancer through testing. Some of these tests are
a fecal occult blood test, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, double contrast
barium enema, and digital rectal exam.
Signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer include, change in bowel habits,
diarrhea, constipation, and feeling that bowel does not empty completely.
Other symptoms include blood in the stool, stools that are narrower than
usual, abdominal discomfort, weight loss, constant tiredness, and vomiting.
To find the cause of the symptoms the physician will evaluate your medical
history, perform a physical exam, and order diagnostic tests. Some of
the tests include: x-rays, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, polypectomy, and
biopsy. A biopsy is removing a sample of tissue to be sent to lab for
a pathologist to look at under a microscope to be used to determine diagnosis.
Once diagnosis is determined the doctor will want to know the stage or
extent of the disease. Additional tests may be ordered to determine this.
Treatment of colorectal cancer depends on the size, location, and extent
of the tumor, as well as patient’s general health. Patients are
often treated by a team of specialists, including a gastroenterologist,
surgeon, medical oncologist, and radiation oncologist. Several different
types of treatment options can be used and are sometimes combined. These
include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biological therapy,
and clinical trials. After diagnosis, a treatment plan that is best for
you will then be decided upon by you and your healthcare team.
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